10/13/2023 0 Comments Veal calf ageFinally, at 12–16 weeks of age, they reach 67%, 18%, and 15% of the stomach weight, respectively ( Table 1). By eight weeks of age, these proportions change to 61.23%, 13.40%, and 25.37% of the stomach weight, respectively. At birth, the weights of reticulorumen, omasum, and abomasum account for 38%, 13%, and 49% of the entire stomach weight, respectively. For example, the stomach chambers are visible by day 56 in bovine embryos. The digestive system of young ruminants begins to develop during the embryonic period. Some of the problems include diarrhea and slow weight gain, as well as respiratory tract disease, which can lead to high levels of morbidity and mortality, and pose significant challenges to breeding. However, due to the poor immunity and the incomplete development of the digestive system in young calves, any interference from the external environment or changes to the nutrition can drastically affect the development of calves. Specifically, the living environment changes from the sterile uterus to natural outside conditions, in addition to changes in nutrition from that provided by the mother to the digestion and absorption of feed by calves themselves. Calves are challenged by a series of stress factors after they are born, including changes in their surroundings. Adequate calf development is therefore crucially important for the entire dairy industry. Rearing healthy calves is very important as it can have a significant impact on their growth and milk production performance in adult life. Moreover, we also describe the effect of the environment in shaping the GI tract, including diet, feed additives and feeding management, as well as discuss the strategies to promote the physiological and microbiological development of rumen. This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent studies of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract development in calves. Rumen development in newborn calves is one of the most important and interesting areas of calf nutrition. Even minor changes in the early feeding regime and nutrition can drastically influence rumen development, resulting in long-term effects on growth, health, and milk yields in adult cattle. Importantly, the development of rumen in calves can directly affect the intake of feed, nutrient digestibility and overall growth. Specifically, as the rumen develops and becomes colonized by microorganisms, a calf physiologically transitions from a pseudo-monogastric animal to a functioning ruminant. Digestive tract development in calves presents a uniquely organized system.
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